定罪

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定罪 [2025/08/10 06:40] – created xiaoer定罪 [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
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-====== dìngzuì: 定罪 - To Convict, To Declare Guilty ====== +
-===== Quick Summary ===== +
-  * **Keywords:** 定罪, dingzui, convict in Chinese, declare guilty Chinese, Chinese legal system, find someone guilty, verdict of guilty, Chinese law, 定罪量刑, sentence someone Chinese +
-  * **Summary:** Learn the crucial Chinese legal term **定罪 (dìngzuì)**, which means "to convict" or "to declare guilty." This page breaks down its meaning, cultural significance within the Chinese justice system, and practical use in formal and metaphorical contexts. Understand the difference between being accused, arrested, and officially convicted, providing you with the precise vocabulary for discussions about law and justice in Mandarin Chinese. +
-===== Core Meaning ===== +
-  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** dìngzuì +
-  * **Part of Speech:** Verb +
-  * **HSK Level:** HSK 6 +
-  * **Concise Definition:** To formally determine and declare that someone is guilty of a crime. +
-  * **In a Nutshell:** **定罪 (dìngzuì)** is the moment a court of law delivers a guilty verdict. It's the official, final judgment that follows an investigation and trial. This isn't just an accusation; it's the legal stamp of guilt. The word itself feels formal, heavy, and consequential, marking the end of a legal process and the beginning of a punishment. +
-===== Character Breakdown ===== +
-  * **定 (dìng):** This character means "to decide," "to fix," or "to establish." Picture a roof (宀) over a person or object (正), symbolizing something being settled and put in its proper, final place. It implies stability and finality. +
-  * **罪 (zuì):** This character means "crime," "guilt," or "sin." The top part (罒) is a radical representing a "net," and the bottom part (非) means "wrong" or "not right." Together, they create a vivid image of being caught in a net for doing something wrong. +
-  * When combined, **定罪 (dìngzuì)** literally translates to "to fix the guilt" or "to establish the crime." This perfectly captures the essence of a legal conviction: the court has examined the evidence and has definitively established the defendant's guilt. +
-===== Cultural Context and Significance ===== +
-In any culture, a conviction is a serious matter, but **定罪 (dìngzuì)** in China carries a particularly heavy weight, partly due to the nature of the legal system and social values. +
-Historically and in practice, the Chinese legal system has a very high conviction rate. While the principle of "presumption of innocence" is officially part of Chinese law, the system is often more inquisitorial. This means that by the time a case reaches trial, a thorough investigation has usually gathered substantial evidence, and the expectation of a guilty verdict is often high. Therefore, the act of **定罪** is seen as the formal confirmation of a long investigative process. +
-Compared to the Western adversarial system where a "not guilty" verdict is a common outcome, an acquittal or a verdict of **无罪 (wúzuì - not guilty)** is far less common in China. This makes the word **定罪** feel incredibly final and life-altering. A conviction doesn't just result in legal punishment; it can bring significant **shame (耻辱 - chǐrǔ)** to an individual and their entire family, damaging their social standing or "face" (`[[面子]] - miànzi`) permanently. +
-===== Practical Usage in Modern China ===== +
-You'll encounter **定罪** primarily in formal contexts, but it also has a powerful metaphorical use. +
-  * **Formal Legal and News Contexts:** This is the word's home turf. It's used in courtrooms, legal documents, and news reports about criminal trials. The passive structure **被定罪 (bèi dìngzuì)**, "to be convicted," is extremely common. +
-  * **定罪量刑 (dìngzuì liàngxíng):** This is a very common set phrase meaning "conviction and sentencing." It treats the two actions as a single, combined legal step. You'll often hear it in news reports: "The court's next step is 定罪量刑." +
-  * **Metaphorical Usage:** In conversation, you can use **定罪** to talk about judging someone prematurely. For example, you might tell a friend who is quick to gossip: "别在心里给他**定罪**了" (Bié zài xīnlǐ gěi tā dìngzuì le) - "Don't convict him in your heart already." This implies a harsh, final judgment made without all the facts. Another common concept is **舆论定罪 (yúlùn dìngzuì)**, which means "conviction by public opinion," where the media or social media users have already decided someone is guilty before a trial. +
-===== Example Sentences ===== +
-  * **Example 1:** +
-    * 法院最终以盗窃罪给小王**定罪**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Fǎyuàn zuìzhōng yǐ dàoqièzuì gěi Xiǎo Wáng **dìngzuì**. +
-    * English: The court finally convicted Xiao Wang of theft. +
-    * Analysis: A standard, active-voice sentence showing how a court (法院) convicts someone (给...定罪) of a specific crime (盗窃罪). +
-  * **Example 2:** +
-    * 他因证据不足而未被**定罪**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Tā yīn zhèngjù bùzú ér wèi bèi **dìngzuì**. +
-    * English: He was not convicted due to insufficient evidence. +
-    * Analysis: This shows the common passive structure **被定罪 (bèi dìngzuì)** in a negative form (未被 - wèi bèi). Note the use of **证据 (zhèngjù)**, or evidence. +
-  * **Example 3:** +
-    * 足够的证据才能给嫌疑人**定罪**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zúgòu de zhèngjù cáinéng gěi xiányírén **dìngzuì**. +
-    * English: Only sufficient evidence can convict the suspect. +
-    * Analysis: This sentence emphasizes the prerequisite for a conviction. **嫌疑人 (xiányírén)** means "suspect." +
-  * **Example 4:** +
-    * 媒体的报道几乎已经给他在公众心中**定罪**了。 +
-    * Pinyin: Méitǐ de bàodào jīhū yǐjīng gěi tā zài gōngzhòng xīnzhōng **dìngzuì** le. +
-    * English: The media reports have practically already convicted him in the public's mind. +
-    * Analysis: A perfect example of the metaphorical use of **定罪**, specifically "conviction by public opinion." +
-  * **Example 5:** +
-    * 如果他被**定罪**，他将面临至少十年的监禁。 +
-    * Pinyin: Rúguǒ tā bèi **dìngzuì**, tā jiāng miànlín zhìshǎo shí nián de jiānjìn. +
-    * English: If he is convicted, he will face at least ten years in prison. +
-    * Analysis: This shows a conditional "if" (如果) clause, linking the conviction to its consequences. +
-  * **Example 6:** +
-    * 这个案件的关键在于如何**定罪**和量刑。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhège ànjiàn de guānjiàn zàiyú rúhé **dìngzuì** hé liàngxíng. +
-    * English: The key to this case lies in how to determine the conviction and sentencing. +
-    * Analysis: This uses the common set phrase **定罪量刑 (dìngzuì liàngxíng)**, breaking it up with "and" (和). +
-  * **Example 7:** +
-    * 你不能因为不喜欢某人就随意给他**定罪**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Nǐ bùnéng yīnwèi bù xǐhuān mǒurén jiù suíyì gěi tā **dìngzuì**. +
-    * English: You can't just convict someone arbitrarily because you don't like them. +
-    * Analysis: Another strong metaphorical example, used as a piece of advice against being judgmental. +
-  * **Example 8:** +
-    * 检方正在努力收集证据，以便给所有涉案人员**定罪**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Jiǎnfāng zhèngzài nǔlì shōují zhèngjù, yǐbiàn gěi suǒyǒu shè'àn rényuán **dìngzuì**. +
-    * English: The prosecution is working hard to collect evidence in order to convict all personnel involved in the case. +
-    * Analysis: Introduces the word **检方 (jiǎnfāng)**, the prosecution, whose goal is to secure a conviction. +
-  * **Example 9:** +
-    * 这名官员因受贿罪被**定罪**并判处无期徒刑。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè míng guānyuán yīn shòuhuìzuì bèi **dìngzuì** bìng pànchǔ wúqī túxíng. +
-    * English: This official was convicted of bribery and sentenced to life imprisonment. +
-    * Analysis: Shows the full sequence: the crime (受贿罪 - shòuhuìzuì), the conviction (被定罪), and the sentence (判处 - pànchǔ). +
-  * **Example 10:** +
-    * **定罪**必须基于事实和法律，而不是个人情感。 +
-    * Pinyin: **Dìngzuì** bìxū jīyú shìshí hé fǎlǜ, ér búshì gèrén qínggǎn. +
-    * English: A conviction must be based on facts and law, not personal feelings. +
-    * Analysis: A formal, principle-based sentence that uses **定罪** as the subject, treating it as a legal concept. +
-===== Nuances and Common Mistakes ===== +
-A common mistake for English speakers is to confuse **定罪 (dìngzuì)** with other stages of the legal process. +
-  * **`定罪` vs. `指控` (zhǐkòng) - To Accuse:** +
-    * **指控 (zhǐkòng)** is what a prosecutor does *before or at the start of* a trial. It's the formal accusation. +
-    * **定罪 (dìngzuì)** is the guilty verdict delivered by the judge *at the end of* the trial. +
-    * Incorrect: `警察定罪了他。` (The police convicted him.) +
-    * Correct: `警察指控了他。` (The police accused him.) OR `法院定罪了他。` (The court convicted him.) +
-  * **`定罪` vs. `判刑` (pànxíng) - To Sentence:** +
-    * These two events are closely related but distinct. **定罪** is the declaration of guilt ("Guilty!"). **判刑 (pànxíng)** is the assignment of the specific punishment ("...and you are sentenced to five years in prison."). +
-    * They often happen together, which is why the set phrase **定罪量刑 (dìngzuì liàngxíng)** exists, but they are not the same thing. You must be convicted first before you can be sentenced. +
-  * **`定罪` vs. `逮捕` (dàibǔ) - To Arrest:** +
-    * An **arrest (逮捕)** happens during the investigation phase, often long before a trial. Being arrested does not mean you will be convicted. Mixing these up is like confusing the first chapter of a book with the last. +
-===== Related Terms and Concepts ===== +
-  * `[[犯罪]] (fànzuì)` - To commit a crime. The act that can lead to a **定罪**. +
-  * `[[罪犯]] (zuìfàn)` - A criminal; a convict. This is the noun for a person who has been subject to **定罪**. +
-  * `[[指控]] (zhǐkòng)` - To accuse; an accusation. The formal charge made against a person, which is a step before **定罪**. +
-  * `[[判刑]] (pànxíng)` - To sentence (to prison, etc.). The punishment that is given *after* a **定罪**. +
-  * `[[无罪]] (wúzuì)` - Not guilty; innocent. The direct antonym of being found guilty. +
-  * `[[证据]] (zhèngjù)` - Evidence. The factual basis required for a **定罪**. +
-  * `[[被告]] (bèigào)` - The defendant. The person who is on trial and may or may not be convicted. +
-  * `[[审判]] (shěnpàn)` - A trial. The legal process during which a judge decides whether to **定罪** someone. +
-  * `[[定罪量刑]] (dìngzuì liàngxíng)` - A set phrase for "conviction and sentencing," treating them as a single procedural concept. +
-  * `[[嫌疑人]] (xiányírén)` - A suspect. A person suspected of a crime before any formal accusation or conviction.+