战争

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战争 [2025/08/06 01:08] – created xiaoer战争 [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
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-====== zhànzhēng: 战争 - War, Warfare ====== +
-===== Quick Summary ===== +
-  * **Keywords:** zhanzheng, 战争, war in Chinese, Chinese word for war, how to say war in Chinese, zhànzhēng meaning, military Chinese, warfare, Sun Tzu, Chinese history war, 第二次世界大战 +
-  * **Summary:** Discover the meaning of **战争 (zhànzhēng)**, the primary Chinese word for **war** and **warfare**. This page explores its literal definition in historical and modern conflicts, its powerful metaphorical use in contexts like "trade war" (贸易战), and its deep cultural significance rooted in millennia of Chinese history and strategic thought, such as Sun Tzu's "Art of War". Learn how to use this essential HSK 5 term correctly and distinguish it from related concepts like "battle" (战斗). +
-===== Core Meaning ===== +
-  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** zhànzhēng +
-  * **Part of Speech:** Noun +
-  * **HSK Level:** HSK 5 +
-  * **Concise Definition:** The state of organized, large-scale armed conflict between nations, states, or groups. +
-  * **In a Nutshell:** `战争` is the formal and serious term for "war." It refers to the entire conflict, not just a single fight. Think of epic historical struggles like World War II, not a street brawl. The word carries a heavy, solemn tone, reflecting the immense scale and tragedy of armed conflict. It's also used metaphorically to describe intense, large-scale struggles in other domains like business or politics. +
-===== Character Breakdown ===== +
-  * **战 (zhàn):** This character is composed of the radical **戈 (gē)**, which represents a "dagger-axe" or an ancient pole weapon, and the phonetic component **占 (zhān)**, meaning "to occupy." Together, they create a vivid image: using weapons to fight for and occupy territory. Its core meaning is "to fight" or "battle." +
-  * **争 (zhēng):** This character pictorially represents two hands (the top part 爫) fighting over a central object or territory (the hook-like bottom part). It means "to contend, to strive, to vie for, to struggle." +
-  * When combined, **战争 (zhànzhēng)** literally means "fight-struggle." It perfectly captures the essence of war as an organized, large-scale struggle involving fighting and contention over resources, ideology, or territory. +
-===== Cultural Context and Significance ===== +
-  * In China, a civilization with one of the world's longest continuous histories, **战争 (zhànzhēng)** is a concept steeped in millennia of experience. From the foundational wars of the Qin Dynasty unification to the turbulent Warring States period, the Mongol invasions, the Opium Wars, and the devastating Second Sino-Japanese War (第二次世界大战的一部分, a part of WWII), war has been a recurring and formative force in the national consciousness. +
-  * Unlike some Western portrayals that might romanticize individual heroism, the traditional Chinese perspective on `战争`, heavily influenced by thinkers like Sun Tzu (孙子), often focuses on strategy, deception, endurance, and the immense human cost. Sun Tzu's //The Art of War// (《孙子兵法》 Sūnzǐ Bīngfǎ) treats warfare not as a glorious pursuit but as a "grave matter of state" (国之大事) to be avoided if possible and won decisively and intelligently if not. +
-  * This is different from the Western concept of "war" which can sometimes be tied to notions of freedom-fighting or a "just war" with a more clear-cut moral righteousness. In the Chinese context, `战争` often evokes a heavier sense of historical cycles, dynastic change, and collective suffering, with a profound cultural preference for **和平 (hépíng)**, or peace. +
-===== Practical Usage in Modern China ===== +
-  * **Literal Historical/Current Events:** `战争` is the standard term used in news, academic texts, and everyday conversation to discuss historical or ongoing wars. +
-    * e.g., `第二次世界大战` (Dì'èr Cì Shìjiè Dàzhàn) - World War II +
-    * e.g., `俄乌战争` (É-Wū zhànzhēng) - The Russia-Ukraine War +
-  * **Metaphorical Conflicts:** This is a very common usage in modern business and politics. The word `战` (zhàn) or `战争` (zhànzhēng) is appended to a noun to describe intense, zero-sum competition. +
-    * `贸易战 (màoyì zhàn)` - Trade war +
-    * `价格战 (jiàgé zhàn)` - Price war (e.g., between competing supermarkets) +
-    * `人才战 (réncái zhàn)` - Talent war (fierce competition between companies to hire the best employees) +
-    * `禁毒战争 (jìndú zhànzhēng)` - The war on drugs +
-  * **Connotation:** When used literally, the connotation is serious, grave, and overwhelmingly negative. When used metaphorically, it implies intensity, high stakes, and aggressive competition. It is a formal and strong word. +
-===== Example Sentences ===== +
-  * **Example 1:** +
-    * 我们都希望世界和平，不要有**战争**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wǒmen dōu xīwàng shìjiè hépíng, bùyào yǒu **zhànzhēng**. +
-    * English: We all hope for world peace and for there to be no **war**. +
-    * Analysis: A simple, common sentence expressing a universal desire. It correctly positions `战争` as the direct antonym of `和平` (hépíng), peace. +
-  * **Example 2:** +
-    * 第二次世界**战争**给人类带来了巨大的灾难。 +
-    * Pinyin: Dì'èr cì shìjiè **zhànzhēng** gěi rénlèi dàilái le jùdà de zāinàn. +
-    * English: The Second World **War** brought enormous disaster to humanity. +
-    * Analysis: This is the standard way to refer to WWII. Note that `第二次世界大战 (dàzhàn)` is more common, but `战争` is also perfectly correct here. +
-  * **Example 3:** +
-    * 这两家公司正在进行一场激烈的价格**战**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè liǎng jiā gōngsī zhèngzài jìnxíng yī chǎng jīliè de jiàgé **zhàn**. +
-    * English: These two companies are engaged in a fierce price **war**. +
-    * Analysis: A classic example of the metaphorical use. Note the use of the measure word `场 (chǎng)` for wars and competitions. Also, often the `争` is dropped in these metaphorical compounds, leaving just `战`. +
-  * **Example 4:** +
-    * 他爷爷参加过抗日**战争**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Tā yéye cānjiā guo Kàng-Rì **Zhànzhēng**. +
-    * English: His grandfather participated in the War of Resistance Against Japan. +
-    * Analysis: `抗日战争` (1937-1945) is the common Chinese name for the Second Sino-Japanese War. This shows the term's use for specific, named historical conflicts. +
-  * **Example 5:** +
-    * 孙子的《兵法》是一本关于**战争**策略的古书。 +
-    * Pinyin: Sūnzǐ de "Bīngfǎ" shì yī běn guānyú **zhànzhēng** cèlüè de gǔshū. +
-    * English: Sun Tzu's "Art of War" is an ancient book about **warfare** strategy. +
-    * Analysis: Connects `战争` to the famous cultural product, //The Art of War//. `策略 (cèlüè)` means strategy. +
-  * **Example 6:** +
-    * **战争**是残酷的，它让无数家庭破碎。 +
-    * Pinyin: **Zhànzhēng** shì cánkù de, tā ràng wúshù jiātíng pòsuì. +
-    * English: **War** is cruel; it shatters countless families. +
-    * Analysis: This sentence emphasizes the negative and tragic connotation of the word. `残酷 (cánkù)` means cruel, and `破碎 (pòsuì)` means to break into pieces or shatter. +
-  * **Example 7:** +
-    * 这部电影真实地描绘了**战争**中的士兵生活。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè bù diànyǐng zhēnshí de miáohuì le **zhànzhēng** zhōng de shìbīng shēnghuó. +
-    * English: This movie realistically depicts the lives of soldiers during the **war**. +
-    * Analysis: `...中的 (...zhōng de)` is a useful grammar pattern meaning "in" or "during." Here, `战争中` means "in the war." +
-  * **Example 8:** +
-    * 为了赢得这场科技**战**，我们必须大力投资研发。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wèile yíngdé zhè chǎng kējì **zhàn**, wǒmen bìxū dàlì tóuzī yánfā. +
-    * English: In order to win this technology **war**, we must invest heavily in R&D. +
-    * Analysis: Another modern, metaphorical use. `科技 (kējì)` is technology, and `研发 (yánfā)` is research and development. +
-  * **Example 9:** +
-    * 许多难民因**战争**而被迫离开家园。 +
-    * Pinyin: Xǔduō nànmín yīn **zhànzhēng** ér bèi pò líkāi jiāyuán. +
-    * English: Many refugees were forced to leave their homes because of the **war**. +
-    * Analysis: `因...而... (yīn...ér...)` is a structure meaning "because of... therefore...". `被迫 (bèipò)` means "to be forced." +
-  * **Example 10:** +
-    * 历史告诉我们，发动**战争**很容易，但实现和平却很难。 +
-    * Pinyin: Lìshǐ gàosu wǒmen, fādòng **zhànzhēng** hěn róngyì, dàn shíxiàn hépíng què hěn nán. +
-    * English: History tells us that starting a **war** is easy, but achieving peace is very difficult. +
-    * Analysis: `发动战争 (fādòng zhànzhēng)` is a common collocation meaning "to launch a war." `实现和平 (shíxiàn hépíng)` means "to achieve peace." +
-===== Nuances and Common Mistakes ===== +
-  * **`战争 (zhànzhēng)` vs. `战斗 (zhàndòu)`:** This is the most common point of confusion for learners. +
-    * `战争 (zhànzhēng)` is **WAR**: The entire large-scale, long-term conflict. (e.g., World War II). +
-    * `战斗 (zhàndòu)` is **BATTLE**: A single fight or engagement //within// a war. (e.g., The Battle of Normandy). +
-    * **Incorrect:** 他在第二次世界**战斗**中牺牲了。 (Tā zài dì'èr cì shìjiè **zhàndòu** zhōng xīshēng le.) -> //He died in the Second World **Battle**//. (This is wrong). +
-    * **Correct:** 诺曼底登陆是二**战**中一场著名的**战斗**。 (Nuòmándǐ dēnglù shì Èr**zhàn** zhōng yī chǎng zhùmíng de **zhàndòu**.) -> //The Normandy landing was a famous **battle** in World War II.// +
-  * **Not for Personal Fights:** Do not use `战争` to describe a personal argument or a small fight. It's far too dramatic. For an argument with a friend or family member, you would use `吵架 (chǎojià)`. For a physical fistfight, you might use `打架 (dǎjià)`. Using `战争` for these would sound absurd, like saying "I started World War III with my roommate over the dirty dishes." +
-===== Related Terms and Concepts ===== +
-  * [[战斗]] (zhàndòu) - Battle; a specific engagement within a `战争`. +
-  * [[和平]] (hépíng) - Peace; the direct antonym of `战争`. +
-  * [[冲突]] (chōngtū) - Conflict; a more general term that can be military or non-military and is often less intense or smaller in scale than `战争`. +
-  * [[军队]] (jūnduì) - Army, military, troops; the organization that fights a `战争`. +
-  * [[士兵]] (shìbīng) - Soldier; an individual member of an `军队`. +
-  * [[武器]] (wǔqì) - Weapon(s), arms; the tools used in a `战争`. +
-  * [[冷战]] (Lěngzhàn) - Cold War; a specific type of non-direct, ideological `战争`. +
-  * [[孙子兵法]] (Sūnzǐ Bīngfǎ) - The Art of War; China's most famous philosophical text on the nature of `战争`. +
-  * [[贸易战]] (màoyì zhàn) - Trade War; a primary example of the metaphorical use of `战`.+