普通

This is an old revision of the document!

pǔtōng: 普通 - Common, Ordinary, General, Average

Quick Summary

  • Keywords: 普通, putong, Chinese for common, Chinese for ordinary, Chinese for general, pǔtōnghuà, standard ticket Chinese, average in Chinese, normal Chinese, common vs gòngtóng, 普通 vs 一般.
  • Summary: Discover the meaning of 普通 (pǔtōng), a fundamental Chinese adjective for anything “common,” “ordinary,” or “average.” This page explores how 普通 is used to describe everything from people and places to the official name for Mandarin Chinese, 普通话 (Pǔtōnghuà). Learn its cultural nuances, how it differs from similar words like 一般 (yībān), and see practical examples to master its use in everyday conversation.

Core Meaning

  • Pinyin (with tone marks): pǔ tōng
  • Part of Speech: Adjective
  • HSK Level: HSK 3
  • Concise Definition: Describing something as common, ordinary, general, or average, lacking special or unique qualities.
  • In a Nutshell: 普通 (pǔtōng) is your go-to word for anything that's “just normal” or “run-of-the-mill.” Think of it as the default state of things. A person, a meal, or a day can be 普通. While it can sometimes imply something is unexciting, its core meaning is neutral—it simply states that something is not out of the ordinary.

Character Breakdown

  • 普 (pǔ): This character means “universal,” “widespread,” or “general.” You can picture it as sunlight (日) spreading everywhere, side-by-side (并), covering everything universally.
  • 通 (tōng): This character means “to go through,” “to connect,” or “unobstructed.” The “movement” radical (辶) suggests a path or road, reinforcing the idea of passage and connection.
  • Word Origin: By combining “universal” (普) and “going through” (通), the word 普通 creates a vivid image of something that is found everywhere and is accessible throughout. This is the essence of being “common” or “ordinary.”

Cultural Context and Significance

  • In many Western cultures, especially in the US, there's a strong emphasis on being “special” or “exceptional.” Being called “ordinary” can sometimes feel like a slight. In traditional Chinese culture, however, being a 普通人 (pǔtōng rén), or an “ordinary person,” is not necessarily a negative thing.
  • It aligns with collectivist values where fitting in, contributing to the group, and maintaining social harmony can be more prized than standing out. A 普通人 can be seen as reliable, stable, and down-to-earth—a person who does their part without needing the spotlight. This contrasts with the Western ideal of the rugged individual or the superstar. So, while 普通 describes a lack of specialness, it doesn't automatically carry the same baggage of “boring” or “unambitious” that “ordinary” might in English.

Practical Usage in Modern China

  • Describing People, Places, and Things: This is the most common usage. It's a neutral descriptor for anything that doesn't have standout features.
    • `他只是一个普通的上班族。` (Tā zhǐshì yīgè pǔtōng de shàngbānzú.) - He's just an ordinary office worker.
    • `这家餐厅很普通，没什么特别的。` (Zhè jiā cāntīng hěn pǔtōng, méishénme tèbié de.) - This restaurant is very ordinary, nothing special.
  • Technical and Formal Usage: It's used to mean “general” or “standard” class, as opposed to a special or premium class.
    • `我要买一张普通票。` (Wǒ yào mǎi yī zhāng pǔtōng piào.) - I want to buy a standard ticket. (As opposed to a first-class or VIP ticket).
    • `普通感冒 (pǔtōng gǎnmào)` - The common cold.
  • In 普通话 (Pǔtōnghuà): This is a key term every learner must know. 普通话 literally means “common speech” and is the official term for Mandarin Chinese, the standardized national language of China.

Example Sentences

  • Example 1:
    • 我是一个很普通的人。
    • Pinyin: Wǒ shì yīgè hěn pǔtōng de rén.
    • English: I am a very ordinary person.
    • Analysis: A common and often humble way to describe oneself. The connotation here is neutral and down-to-earth.
  • Example 2:
    • 这只是一件普通的T恤，不贵。
    • Pinyin: Zhè zhǐshì yī jiàn pǔtōng de T-xù, bù guì.
    • English: This is just a regular T-shirt, it's not expensive.
    • Analysis: Here, 普通 is used to mean “regular” or “standard,” implying it's not a designer or special brand.
  • Example 3:
    • 你说的是普通话吗？
    • Pinyin: Nǐ shuō de shì Pǔtōnghuà ma?
    • English: Are you speaking Mandarin?
    • Analysis: This shows the usage of 普通 within the proper noun 普通话 (Pǔtōnghuà). Notice how the meaning shifts from an adjective to part of a name.
  • Example 4:
    • 这次考试的难度很普通。
    • Pinyin: Zhè cì kǎoshì de nándù hěn pǔtōng.
    • English: The difficulty of this exam was average.
    • Analysis: 普通 can be used to describe abstract concepts like “difficulty,” meaning it was neither particularly hard nor easy.
  • Example 5:
    • 对普通民众来说，房价太高了。
    • Pinyin: Duì pǔtōng mínzhòng lái shuō, fángjià tài gāo le.
    • English: For the general public, housing prices are too high.
    • Analysis: Here, 普通 is used to mean “general” or “common,” referring to the majority of people, or “the masses.”
  • Example 6:
    • 我得的只是普通感冒，不用担心。
    • Pinyin: Wǒ dé de zhǐshì pǔtōng gǎnmào, bùyòng dānxīn.
    • English: What I have is just a common cold, don't worry.
    • Analysis: A set phrase, 普通感冒 (pǔtōng gǎnmào), is the standard term for the “common cold.”
  • Example 7:
    • 他的表现很普通，没有给我留下深刻的印象。
    • Pinyin: Tā de biǎoxiàn hěn pǔtōng, méiyǒu gěi wǒ liú xià shēnkè de yìnxiàng.
    • English: His performance was very ordinary; it didn't leave a deep impression on me.
    • Analysis: In this context, 普通 carries a slightly negative connotation, implying the performance was uninspired or mediocre.
  • Example 8:
    • 你想坐普通车还是高铁？
    • Pinyin: Nǐ xiǎng zuò pǔtōng chē háishì gāotiě?
    • English: Do you want to take the regular train or the high-speed rail?
    • Analysis: 普通车 (pǔtōng chē) refers to the slower, conventional trains, as opposed to the modern high-speed trains (高铁 gāotiě).
  • Example 9:
    • 这是一个在普通家庭里发生的普通故事。
    • Pinyin: Zhè shì yīgè zài pǔtōng jiātíng lǐ fāshēng de pǔtōng gùshì.
    • English: This is an ordinary story that happened in an ordinary family.
    • Analysis: This demonstrates how 普通 can be used multiple times in a sentence to emphasize the normalcy or everyday nature of a situation.
  • Example 10:
    • 和专家相比，我的知识很普通。
    • Pinyin: Hé zhuānjiā xiāng bǐ, wǒ de zhīshì hěn pǔtōng.
    • English: Compared to an expert, my knowledge is very common/basic.
    • Analysis: This sentence uses 普通 to express humility, contrasting one's “average” level with a higher, specialized level.

Nuances and Common Mistakes

  • False Friend: “Common” vs. “Shared”
    • In English, “common” can mean “ordinary” (a common problem) or “shared” (a common interest). 普通 only covers the “ordinary” meaning. For “shared,” you must use 共同 (gòngtóng).
    • Incorrect: 我们有普通的爱好。 (Wǒmen yǒu pǔtōng de àihào.)
    • Correct: 我们有共同的爱好。 (Wǒmen yǒu gòngtóng de àihào.) - We have common (shared) hobbies.
  • 普通 (pǔtōng) vs. 一般 (yībān)
    • These two are very close synonyms but have a slight difference.
    • 普通 is more objective and descriptive. It describes an inherent quality of being standard or average. `这是一个普通大小的苹果。` (This is a normal-sized apple.)
    • 一般 (yībān) can be more subjective and is often used to mean “so-so” or “just okay.” If someone asks how a movie was and you say `一般 (yībān)`, it's a polite way of saying it wasn't great. 普通 sounds a bit more like a flat, factual statement.

Related Terms and Concepts

  • `一般 (yībān)` - A very close synonym for “ordinary” or “general,” but often used more subjectively to mean “so-so.”
  • `平常 (píngcháng)` - A synonym meaning “usual” or “ordinary,” but often relates to routines, time, or behavior (e.g., `他平常很早就睡觉` - He usually goes to bed very early).
  • `特别 (tèbié)` - A key antonym meaning “special” or “especially.”
  • `非凡 (fēifán)` - A stronger antonym meaning “extraordinary,” “outstanding,” or “remarkable.”
  • `普通话 (pǔtōnghuà)` - The most important compound word using this term, meaning “Mandarin Chinese” or “common speech.”
  • `共同 (gòngtóng)` - Means “common” in the sense of “shared” or “joint,” a frequent point of confusion for learners.
  • `普遍 (pǔbiàn)` - Means “widespread,” “universal,” or “prevalent.” It describes something that is true for most cases (e.g., `这是一个普遍的看法` - This is a widespread view).
  • `大众 (dàzhòng)` - Refers to “the masses” or “the general public.” Things that are 大众 are often also 普通. For example, Volkswagen's Chinese name is `大众汽车`.