法人

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法人 [2025/08/13 04:08] – created xiaoer法人 [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
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-====== fǎrén: 法人 - Legal Person, Juridical Person, Corporation ====== +
-===== Quick Summary ===== +
-  * **Keywords:** farén, 法人, legal person in Chinese, Chinese for corporation, juridical person, faren pinyin, what does 法人 mean, Chinese business terms, 法人代表, company law China, business license. +
-  * **Summary:** In Chinese, **法人 (fǎrén)** refers to a "legal person" or "juridical person"—an entity like a company or organization that is recognized by law as having its own rights and responsibilities, separate from the individuals who own or run it. Understanding the concept of **法人 (fǎrén)** is absolutely essential for anyone involved in business, contracts, or legal matters in China, as it defines who is ultimately responsible for a company's actions and debts. This page breaks down its meaning, its critical distinction from the "legal representative" (**法人代表, fǎrén dàibiǎo**), and how it's used in real-world legal and business documents. +
-===== Core Meaning ===== +
-  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** fǎrén +
-  * **Part of Speech:** Noun +
-  * **HSK Level:** N/A (This is a specialized legal and business term, crucial for advanced/business Chinese but not on the standard HSK 1-6 lists.) +
-  * **Concise Definition:** A legal entity, such as a company or organization, that is recognized by law as having rights and responsibilities. +
-  * **In a Nutshell:** Imagine a company can sign a contract, own property, and be sued in court, all under its own name. In legal terms, that company is a **法人 (fǎrén)**. The word literally means "law person," and it’s the official, legal identity of an organization. It's not a specific human being, but rather the abstract entity itself, which the law treats *like* a person. +
-===== Character Breakdown ===== +
-  * **法 (fǎ):** This character means **law, method, or rule**. It's composed of the "water" radical (氵) on the left and 去 (qù - to go) on the right. One way to remember it is that law, like water, should be applied evenly and flow fairly, or that it provides a standard way "to go" about things in society. +
-  * **人 (rén):** This character means **person or human**. It's one of the simplest and most fundamental characters, a pictograph of a person walking. +
-  * The two characters combine literally and logically to mean **"law person"**—an entity that exists as a "person" in the eyes of the law. +
-===== Cultural Context and Significance ===== +
-The term **法人 (fǎrén)** isn't an ancient Chinese philosophical concept; it's a modern legal term adopted from Western civil law systems (primarily German law, by way of Japan). Its significance lies in its central role in China's modern economy and legal framework. +
-The most critical cultural and practical point for a foreigner to understand is the distinction between **法人 (fǎrén)** and a related but different concept: **[[法人代表]] (fǎrén dàibiǎo)**, the "Legal Representative". +
-  * **法人 (fǎrén) - The "Legal Person" (The Entity):** This is the company itself. For example, "Tencent Holdings Ltd." is a `法人`. It's an abstract concept. +
-  * **法人代表 (fǎrén dàibiǎo) - The "Legal Representative" (The Human):** This is the single, specific individual who is legally authorized to act on behalf of the company. Their name is on the official business license, and their signature (or personal seal) can bind the company to contracts, loans, and other legal obligations. +
-In the West, multiple executives (CEO, CFO, etc.) might have the authority to sign contracts. In China, the **法人代表** holds a unique and powerful position. For anyone doing business in China, identifying and verifying the `法人代表` is a non-negotiable step of due diligence. Mistaking an employee or even the CEO for the `法人代表` can lead to invalid contracts and serious business disputes. +
-===== Practical Usage in Modern China ===== +
-You will almost exclusively encounter **法人 (fǎrén)** in formal, written, or official contexts. It is not a word used in casual conversation. +
-  * **Business and Legal Documents:** The term is standard on contracts (`合同`), business licenses (`营业执照`), articles of incorporation, and court filings. For example, a contract will list the names of the `法人` entities involved. +
-  * **Formal Discussions:** When lawyers, accountants, or business owners discuss company structure, liability, or official registration, they will use `法人`. +
-  * **Distinguishing Liability:** The concept is crucial for defining liability. If a company defaults on a loan, creditors pursue the `法人` (the company's assets), not necessarily the personal assets of the shareholders or employees (though the `法人代表` can bear personal liability in cases of wrongdoing). +
-In everyday chat, you would use **[[公司]] (gōngsī)** to say "company". +
-  * Correct: 我的**公司**在上海。 (Wǒ de **gōngsī** zài Shànghǎi.) - My company is in Shanghai. +
-  * Incorrect: 我的**法人**在上海。 (Wǒ de **fǎrén** zài Shànghǎi.) - //This sounds very strange, like "My legal entity is in Shanghai."// +
-===== Example Sentences ===== +
-  * **Example 1:** +
-    * 有限责任公司是一种常见的**法人**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Yǒuxiàn zérèn gōngsī shì yī zhǒng chángjiàn de **fǎrén**. +
-    * English: A limited liability company (LLC) is a common type of legal person. +
-    * Analysis: This sentence provides a direct definition, classifying a common business structure (LLC) as a `法人`. +
-  * **Example 2:** +
-    * 这份合同需要**法人**盖章才能生效。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè fèn hétong xūyào **fǎrén** gàizhāng cáinéng shēngxiào. +
-    * English: This contract needs the legal person's official seal to become effective. +
-    * Analysis: In China, the company seal/chop (`公章 gōngzhāng`) is often more important than a signature. This seal represents the `法人` itself. +
-  * **Example 3:** +
-    * 谁是这家公司的**法人**代表？ +
-    * Pinyin: Shéi shì zhè jiā gōngsī de **fǎrén** dàibiǎo? +
-    * English: Who is this company's legal representative? +
-    * Analysis: A crucial question in any business dealing. Notice the full term `法人代表` is used to ask about the specific individual. +
-  * **Example 4:** +
-    * 根据法律，**法人**必须承担其债务。 +
-    * Pinyin: Gēnjù fǎlǜ, **fǎrén** bìxū chéngdān qí zhàiwù. +
-    * English: According to the law, the legal person must bear its debts. +
-    * Analysis: This highlights the core concept of legal liability being attached to the entity (`法人`), not the individuals behind it. +
-  * **Example 5:** +
-    * 我们的起诉对象是那个**法人**，而不是它的员工。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wǒmen de qǐsù duìxiàng shì nàge **fǎrén**, ér búshì tā de yuángōng. +
-    * English: The target of our lawsuit is that legal person, not its employees. +
-    * Analysis: This clearly illustrates the legal separation between the company (the `法人`) and the people who work for it. +
-  * **Example 6:** +
-    * 学校和医院等非营利组织也可以是**法人**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Xuéxiào hé yīyuàn děng fēi yínglì zǔzhī yě kěyǐ shì **fǎrén**. +
-    * English: Non-profit organizations like schools and hospitals can also be legal persons. +
-    * Analysis: This expands the scope of `法人` beyond just for-profit companies. +
-  * **Example 7:** +
-    * 成立一个新公司，首先要确定其**法人**地位。 +
-    * Pinyin: Chénglì yīgè xīn gōngsī, shǒuxiān yào quèdìng qí **fǎrén** dìwèi. +
-    * English: To establish a new company, you must first determine its legal person status. +
-    * Analysis: This shows the term's use in the context of company formation and registration. `法人地位` (fǎrén dìwèi) means "legal person status". +
-  * **Example 8:** +
-    * 营业执照上会写明**法人**的全称和注册地址。 +
-    * Pinyin: Yíngyè zhízhào shàng huì xiěmíng **fǎrén** de quánchēng hé zhùcè dìzhǐ. +
-    * English: The business license will state the legal person's full name and registered address. +
-    * Analysis: A very practical sentence explaining what you'd find on an official document. +
-  * **Example 9:** +
-    * 他虽然是公司的创始人，但他不是**法人**代表。 +
-    * Pinyin: Tā suīrán shì gōngsī de chuàngshǐrén, dàn tā búshì **fǎrén** dàibiǎo. +
-    * English: Although he is the company's founder, he is not the legal representative. +
-    * Analysis: Another example that expertly distinguishes between roles within a company, reinforcing the specific meaning of `法人代表`. +
-  * **Example 10:** +
-    * **法人**和自然人享有不同的法律权利。 +
-    * Pinyin: **Fǎrén** hé zìránrén xiǎngyǒu bùtóng de fǎlǜ quánlì. +
-    * English: Legal persons and natural persons enjoy different legal rights. +
-    * Analysis: This sentence introduces the direct counterpart to `法人`: `自然人` (zìránrén), or "natural person" (a human being). +
-===== Nuances and Common Mistakes ===== +
-  * **The #1 Mistake: Confusing 法人 (fǎrén) and 法人代表 (fǎrén dàibiǎo)** +
-    * This is the most critical pitfall. **`法人` is the company/entity. `法人代表` is the one human** designated to legally represent it. +
-    * **Incorrect:** 我想跟你们公司的**法人**谈谈。(Wǒ xiǎng gēn nǐmen gōngsī de **fǎrén** tán tan.) - "I want to talk to your company's legal person." +
-    * **Why it's wrong:** You cannot talk to an abstract legal entity. You talk to a person. +
-    * **Correct:** 我想跟你们公司的**法人代表**谈谈。(Wǒ xiǎng gēn nǐmen gōngsī de **fǎrén dàibiǎo** tán tan.) - "I want to talk to your company's legal representative." OR, more casually: 我想跟你们**老板**谈谈 (Wǒ xiǎng gēn nǐmen **lǎobǎn** tán tan) - "I want to talk to your boss." +
-  * **Treating "法人" like a Human** +
-    * A `法人` cannot have feelings, opinions, or a personality. It is a legal construct. +
-    * **Incorrect:** 这个**法人**很可靠。(Zhège **fǎrén** hěn kěkào.) - "This legal person is very reliable." +
-    * **Why it's wrong:** You are commenting on the company's reputation, not the entity itself as if it were a person. +
-    * **Correct:** 这家**公司**很可靠。(Zhè jiā **gōngsī** hěn kěkào.) - "This company is very reliable." +
-===== Related Terms and Concepts ===== +
-  * [[法人代表]] (fǎrén dàibiǎo) - The single individual designated as the Legal Representative of the `法人`. This is the most important related term. +
-  * [[公司]] (gōngsī) - Company; corporation. The common, everyday word for a business. A `公司` is usually a `法人`. +
-  * [[企业]] (qǐyè) - Enterprise; business. A broader term that can include `公司` as well as other business forms. +
-  * [[自然人]] (zìránrén) - Natural person. The legal term for an individual human being, the direct counterpart to `法人`. +
-  * [[营业执照]] (yíngyè zhízhào) - Business License. The official government-issued document that proves a company's status as a `法人` and names its `法人代表`. +
-  * [[法律责任]] (fǎlǜ zérèn) - Legal responsibility; liability. The duties and obligations that a `法人` must bear. +
-  * [[股东]] (gǔdōng) - Shareholder; stockholder. The owners of the `法人`. +
-  * [[合同]] (hétong) - Contract. A legal agreement made by one or more `法人` or `自然人`. +
-  * [[公章]] (gōngzhāng) - Official Seal/Chop. The stamp that represents the `法人` and is used to execute documents. Its impression is often legally binding.+