自主

Differences

This shows you the differences between two versions of the page.

Link to this comparison view

自主 [2025/08/13 09:34] – created xiaoer自主 [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
Line 1: Line 1:
-====== zìzhǔ: 自主 - Autonomous, Self-Determined, To Act on One's Own Initiative ====== +
-===== Quick Summary ===== +
-  * **Keywords:** zizhu, 自主, autonomous, independent, self-reliant, self-determination, to be one's own master, Chinese independence, 自主学习, 自主品牌, 自主创新. +
-  * **Summary:** A core concept in modern China, **自主 (zìzhǔ)** means "autonomous" or "self-determined." It goes beyond simple independence, emphasizing the power and initiative to make one's own decisions, whether in personal life, education (自主学习, self-directed learning), or national policy (自主创新, independent innovation). Understanding **自主** is key to grasping China's drive for self-reliance and the evolving values of personal agency in Chinese society. +
-===== Core Meaning ===== +
-  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** zìzhǔ +
-  * **Part of Speech:** Adjective, Verb +
-  * **HSK Level:** HSK 5 +
-  * **Concise Definition:** To be autonomous; to act on one's own initiative and be one's own master. +
-  * **In a Nutshell:** Imagine not just being left alone, but being given the steering wheel. That's **自主 (zìzhǔ)**. It's less about being separate from others and more about having the authority and will to direct your own course within your environment. It’s an empowered state of active decision-making, carrying a strong sense of capability and responsibility. +
-===== Character Breakdown ===== +
-  * **自 (zì):** A character that pictorially represents a nose. Since people point to their own nose when referring to themselves, it came to mean "self," "oneself," or "from." +
-  * **主 (zhǔ):** A pictogram of an oil lamp with a flame. The lamp is the central, most important part of the room, so this character means "master," "host," "to be in charge of," or "main." +
-  * The two characters combine literally and powerfully to mean "to be one's own (自) master (主)." +
-===== Cultural Context and Significance ===== +
-The concept of **自主 (zìzhǔ)** is a fascinating intersection of China's modern ambitions and its traditional values. +
-On a national level, **自主** is a cornerstone of modern Chinese identity and policy. The phrase `独立自主 (dúlì zìzhǔ)`, meaning "independent and autonomous," is a mantra in foreign policy, emphasizing sovereignty and non-interference. Economically, the government heavily promotes `自主创新 (zìzhǔ chuàngxīn)`, or "indigenous innovation," to develop domestic technology and reduce reliance on foreign countries. This reflects a deep-seated national desire for self-reliance and global respect. +
-On a personal level, **自主** represents a more modern value that sometimes negotiates with traditional collectivism. While Chinese culture has historically prized group harmony and respect for hierarchy (e.g., filial piety), modern life increasingly demands individual initiative. A young person's desire for `婚姻自主 (hūnyīn zìzhǔ)`—the right to choose their own spouse—can be a point of friction with parents who hold more traditional views. Thus, personal **自主** is not about selfishly breaking away, but about responsibly managing one's own life within the existing social fabric. +
-Compared to the Western concept of "independence," **自主 (zìzhǔ)** is subtly different. "Independence" in the West often implies physical, financial, and emotional separation—"leaving the nest." **自主**, however, focuses on decision-making power. You can be a highly integrated member of a family or a company (and therefore not fully "independent") but still have a high degree of **自主** in your choices and actions. It's less about separation and more about agency. +
-===== Practical Usage in Modern China ===== +
-**自主** is a common and positive term used across various formal and informal contexts. +
-  * **In Business and Technology:** This is a major buzzword. `自主研发 (zìzhǔ yánfā)` means "independent research and development," and `自主品牌 (zìzhǔ pǐnpái)` refers to a "domestic" or "in-house brand" (as opposed to a foreign one). It signals quality, national pride, and capability. +
-  * **In Education:** The term `自主学习 (zìzhǔ xuéxí)`, or "autonomous/self-directed learning," is very popular. It describes a modern educational approach where students are encouraged to take initiative in their studies, explore topics independently, and manage their own learning process. +
-  * **In Personal Life:** People use **自主** to talk about major life decisions. `我的事我自主 (wǒ de shì wǒ zìzhǔ)` means "I am in charge of my own affairs." It's a powerful declaration of personal agency, often used when discussing career paths, marriage, or lifestyle choices. +
-The connotation is almost always positive, implying competence, maturity, and proactiveness. +
-===== Example Sentences ===== +
-  * **Example 1:** +
-    * 我们公司坚持**自主**研发，不依赖外国技术。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wǒmen gōngsī jiānchí **zìzhǔ** yánfā, bù yīlài wàiguó jìshù. +
-    * English: Our company insists on independent research and development and does not rely on foreign technology. +
-    * Analysis: This is a typical use in a business or tech context. `自主研发 (zìzhǔ yánfā)` is a set phrase highlighting self-reliance. +
-  * **Example 2:** +
-    * 老师鼓励学生进行**自主**学习，培养解决问题的能力。 +
-    * Pinyin: Lǎoshī gǔlì xuéshēng jìnxíng **zìzhǔ** xuéxí, péiyǎng jiějué wèntí de nénglì. +
-    * English: The teacher encourages students to engage in self-directed learning to cultivate problem-solving skills. +
-    * Analysis: A standard phrase in modern education, `自主学习 (zìzhǔ xuéxí)` emphasizes student agency over rote memorization. +
-  * **Example 3:** +
-    * 在中国，年轻人越来越追求婚姻**自主**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zài Zhōngguó, niánqīngrén yuèláiyuè zhuīqiú hūnyīn **zìzhǔ**. +
-    * English: In China, young people are increasingly pursuing the freedom to choose their own spouse. +
-    * Analysis: `婚姻自主 (hūnyīn zìzhǔ)` refers to the right to make one's own decisions regarding marriage, a key social issue. +
-  * **Example 4:** +
-    * 作为一个成年人，你应该有**自主**选择的权利。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zuòwéi yīgè chéngniánrén, nǐ yīnggāi yǒu **zìzhǔ** xuǎnzé de quánlì. +
-    * English: As an adult, you should have the right to choose for yourself. +
-    * Analysis: Here, `自主` functions as an adjective modifying `选择 (xuǎnzé)`, meaning a choice made autonomously. +
-  * **Example 5:** +
-    * 独立**自主**是我们的外交政策的基本原则。 +
-    * Pinyin: Dúlì **zìzhǔ** shì wǒmen de wàijiāo zhèngcè de jīběn yuánzé. +
-    * English: Independence and self-determination are the basic principles of our foreign policy. +
-    * Analysis: `独立自主 (dúlì zìzhǔ)` is a very formal, set phrase used in politics to mean "sovereignty and autonomy." +
-  * **Example 6:** +
-    * 这家餐厅是**自主**点餐，请用桌上的平板电脑。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè jiā cāntīng shì **zìzhǔ** diǎncān, qǐng yòng zhuō shàng de píngbǎn diànnǎo. +
-    * English: This restaurant has self-service ordering; please use the tablet on the table. +
-    * Analysis: This shows a very practical, everyday use of `自主`. `自主点餐 (zìzhǔ diǎncān)` means you order by yourself, without a waiter. +
-  * **Example 7:** +
-    * 如果你想成功，就必须**自主**创业，不能总靠父母。 +
-    * Pinyin: Rúguǒ nǐ xiǎng chénggōng, jiù bìxū **zìzhǔ** chuàngyè, bùnéng zǒng kào fùmǔ. +
-    * English: If you want to succeed, you must start your own business and can't always rely on your parents. +
-    * Analysis: `自主创业 (zìzhǔ chuàngyè)` means to be an entrepreneur, to start a business on one's own initiative. +
-  * **Example 8:** +
-    * 他是一个很**自主**的人，自己的事情总是自己做决定。 +
-    * Pinyin: Tā shì yīgè hěn **zìzhǔ** de rén, zìjǐ de shìqing zǒngshì zìjǐ zuò juédìng. +
-    * English: He is a very self-directed person; he always makes his own decisions about his own affairs. +
-    * Analysis: Here `自主` is used as a personality trait, describing someone who is not easily influenced and takes charge of their life. +
-  * **Example 9:** +
-    * 这片开发区给予了企业高度的经营**自主**权。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè piàn kāifāqū jǐyǔle qǐyè gāodù de jīngyíng **zìzhǔ**quán. +
-    * English: This development zone has granted enterprises a high degree of operational autonomy. +
-    * Analysis: The term `自主权 (zìzhǔquán)` literally means "right to autonomy" and is often used in legal or business contexts. +
-  * **Example 10:** +
-    * 我们的目标是建立一个完全**自主**可控的供应链。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wǒmen de mùbiāo shì jiànlì yīgè wánquán **zìzhǔ** kěkòng de gōngyìngliàn. +
-    * English: Our goal is to establish a completely autonomous and controllable supply chain. +
-    * Analysis: A sophisticated business/political phrase. `自主可控 (zìzhǔ kěkòng)` means "autonomous and controllable," a key goal in strategic industries. +
-===== Nuances and Common Mistakes ===== +
-  * **自主 (zìzhǔ) vs. 独立 (dúlì):** This is the most common point of confusion. +
-    * `独立 (dúlì)` means "independent" in the sense of being separate or self-sufficient. A country is `独立`. A person who moves out of their parents' house and supports themself is `独立`. +
-    * `自主 (zìzhǔ)` is about the **power of decision**. You can live with your parents (not `独立`) but still be very `自主` in your career choice. Conversely, you can live alone (`独立`) but have your life choices dictated by others (not `自主`). Think of `独立` as structural separation and `自主` as mental/volitional control. +
-  * **自主 (zìzhǔ) vs. 自由 (zìyóu):** +
-    * `自由 (zìyóu)` means "freedom" or "liberty"—the absence of external constraints. +
-    * `自主 (zìzhǔ)` means "autonomy"—the presence of internal will and the power to act. You can have the `自由` to choose any university, but you must exercise `自主` to actually research them and make a decision. +
-  * **Common Mistake:** Do not use **自主** to simply mean "alone" or "by oneself." +
-    * **Incorrect:** 我**自主**去公园。(Wǒ **zìzhǔ** qù gōngyuán.) +
-    * **Correct:** 我**一个人**去公园。(Wǒ **yī gè rén** qù gōngyuán.) - //I'm going to the park alone.// +
-    * **Analysis:** The incorrect sentence sounds strange, as if going to the park was a major act of self-determination. Use `一个人 (yī gè rén)` or `自己 (zìjǐ)` for actions done by oneself. +
-===== Related Terms and Concepts ===== +
-  * [[独立]] (dúlì) - Independent; separate. Describes a state of self-sufficiency. Often paired with `自主` in formal contexts (`独立自主`). +
-  * [[自由]] (zìyóu) - Freedom; liberty. The state of being without constraints, whereas `自主` is the power to make choices within that freedom. +
-  * [[自己做主]] (zìjǐ zuòzhǔ) - To be one's own master. A more colloquial and verbal phrase with the exact same meaning as `自主`. +
-  * [[主动]] (zhǔdòng) - Proactive; to take the initiative. Describes the action that results from being `自主`. If you are `自主`, you are likely to be `主动`. +
-  * [[自立]] (zìlì) - Self-reliant. Similar to `独立`, but with a stronger focus on financial and practical self-sufficiency ("standing on one's own two feet"). +
-  * [[主权]] (zhǔquán) - Sovereignty. The national-level expression of `自主`. A country's `主权` is its right to `独立自主`. +
-  * [[创新]] (chuàngxīn) - Innovation. A concept frequently paired with `自主` (`自主创新`) in China's national strategy for technological development. +
-  * [[权利]] (quánlì) - Right; privilege. You can have the `权利` (right) to do something, and you use your `自主` (autonomy) to decide whether and how to do it.+