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项目 [2025/08/08 02:29] – created xiaoer项目 [Unknown date] (current) – removed - external edit (Unknown date) 127.0.0.1
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-====== xiàngmù: 项目 - Project, Item, Event ====== +
-===== Quick Summary ===== +
-  * **Keywords:** xiàngmù, 项目, Chinese for project, Chinese for item, what does xiàngmù mean, xiàngmù meaning, xiàngmù translation, business Chinese, Chinese vocabulary, HSK 4, project manager in Chinese +
-  * **Summary:** The Chinese word **项目 (xiàngmù)** is a versatile and essential term for any learner, translating most commonly to "project." However, its meaning extends to "item" on a list, or "event" in a competition. Understanding a`xiàngmù` is key to navigating modern Chinese business, academic, and even sporting contexts. This page breaks down its core meaning, cultural significance, and practical use with clear examples, helping you master this crucial piece of vocabulary. +
-===== Core Meaning ===== +
-  * **Pinyin (with tone marks):** xiàngmù +
-  * **Part of Speech:** Noun +
-  * **HSK Level:** HSK 4 +
-  * **Concise Definition:** A project, an item, a program, or a (sports) event. +
-  * **In a Nutshell:** Think of `项目` as a single, defined unit within a larger system. While "project" is its most frequent translation in business and research, it can also mean an "item" on a list of services (like at a bank) or an "event" in a sports competition (like the 100-meter dash). The common thread is that a `项目` is a distinct, categorized undertaking or entry. +
-===== Character Breakdown ===== +
-  * **项 (xiàng):** This character's original meaning was the back of the neck. Over time, it was borrowed to represent a "sum" (of money), a "term," or a "category." Think of it as the part of the word that singles out one specific **item** or **category**. +
-  * **目 (mù):** This character is a pictogram of an eye rotated 90 degrees. It means "eye," but by extension, it also means "item," "list," or "category"—like the individual "points" or "items" you look at on a list. +
-  * The two characters combine to reinforce the idea of a categorized item or a specific entry on a list (`项` + `目`). This concept of a "listed undertaking" evolved into the modern, primary meaning of a "project." +
-===== Cultural Context and Significance ===== +
-In modern China, `项目` is a word that echoes the country's focus on development, planning, and achieving specific goals. From massive government infrastructure initiatives (`国家重点项目` - key national projects) to tech startup ventures, the concept of the `项目` is central to how progress is organized and measured. +
-A key difference from the English "project" lies in its connotation. While in English a "project" can be a casual, personal endeavor (e.g., "a weekend DIY project"), `项目` in Chinese often carries a more formal, official, and large-scale weight. It implies a structured plan, defined objectives, and often, a budget and a team. You wouldn't typically call your personal hobby of knitting a sweater a `项目`; it's more suited to a business plan, a scientific study, or a construction plan. This reflects a cultural emphasis on structured, goal-oriented achievement, especially in professional and public spheres. +
-===== Practical Usage in Modern China ===== +
-`项目` is an incredibly common word in formal and professional settings. +
-  * **In Business:** This is the most common context. It refers to any business venture or initiative. +
-    * `公司项目` (gōngsī xiàngmù) - company project +
-    * `启动一个新项目` (qǐdòng yī ge xīn xiàngmù) - to launch a new project +
-    * `项目经理` (xiàngmù jīnglǐ) - project manager +
-  * **In Academics and Research:** It refers to a planned study or investigation. +
-    * `研究项目` (yánjiū xiàngmù) - research project +
-    * `科研项目` (kēyán xiàngmù) - scientific research project +
-  * **As "Item" on a List:** It refers to a specific item on a formal list of services, charges, or options. +
-    * `服务项目` (fúwù xiàngmù) - service items (e.g., on a hotel's list of services) +
-    * `收费项目` (shōufèi xiàngmù) - billable items (e.g., on an invoice) +
-  * **In Sports:** It refers to a specific event within a larger competition. +
-    * `比赛项目` (bǐsài xiàngmù) - competition events +
-    * `奥运会项目` (Àoyùnhuì xiàngmù) - Olympic events +
-===== Example Sentences ===== +
-  * **Example 1:** +
-    * 我们公司下个月要启动一个新**项目**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wǒmen gōngsī xià ge yuè yào qǐdòng yī ge xīn **xiàngmù**. +
-    * English: Our company is going to launch a new **project** next month. +
-    * Analysis: This is the most standard use of `项目` in a business context. `启动 (qǐdòng)` is a common verb meaning "to launch" or "to start up." +
-  * **Example 2:** +
-    * 他是这个**项目**的负责人。 +
-    * Pinyin: Tā shì zhè ge **xiàngmù** de fùzérén. +
-    * English: He is the person in charge of this **project**. +
-    * Analysis: `负责人 (fùzérén)` means "person in charge." This sentence is common in workplace discussions. +
-  * **Example 3:** +
-    * 这个**项目**的预算是多少？ +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè ge **xiàngmù** de yùsuàn shì duōshao? +
-    * English: What is the budget for this **project**? +
-    * Analysis: `预算 (yùsuàn)` means "budget," a word frequently paired with `项目`. +
-  * **Example 4:** +
-    * 我们的研究**项目**终于获得了批准。 +
-    * Pinyin: Wǒmen de yánjiū **xiàngmù** zhōngyú huòdéle pīzhǔn. +
-    * English: Our research **project** finally received approval. +
-    * Analysis: Here, `项目` is used in an academic context. `研究 (yánjiū)` specifies it as a "research" project. +
-  * **Example 5:** +
-    * 跑步是我最喜欢的田径**项目**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Pǎobù shì wǒ zuì xǐhuān de tiánjìng **xiàngmù**. +
-    * English: Running is my favorite track and field **event**. +
-    * Analysis: This shows the use of `项目` to mean "event" in sports. `田径 (tiánjìng)` is "track and field." +
-  * **Example 6:** +
-    * 这家酒店提供哪些免费服务**项目**？ +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè jiā jiǔdiàn tígōng nǎxiē miǎnfèi fúwù **xiàngmù**? +
-    * English: What free service **items** does this hotel offer? +
-    * Analysis: This demonstrates `项目` meaning "item" on a list of services. It's more formal than just saying `服务 (fúwù)`. +
-  * **Example 7:** +
-    * 这座大桥是一个国家重点**项目**。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè zuò dàqiáo shì yī ge guójiā zhòngdiǎn **xiàngmù**. +
-    * English: This bridge is a key national **project**. +
-    * Analysis: This highlights the use of `项目` for large-scale, official government undertakings. `重点 (zhòngdiǎn)` means "key point" or "priority." +
-  * **Example 8:** +
-    * 这个**项目**对技术的要求非常高。 +
-    * Pinyin: Zhè ge **xiàngmù** duì jìshù de yāoqiú fēicháng gāo. +
-    * English: This **project** has very high technical requirements. +
-    * Analysis: A common way to describe the difficulty or complexity of a `项目`. `要求 (yāoqiú)` means "requirement" or "demand." +
-  * **Example 9:** +
-    * 请把所有的收费**项目**列出来。 +
-    * Pinyin: Qǐng bǎ suǒyǒu de shōufèi **xiàngmù** liè chūlái. +
-    * English: Please list all the billable **items**. +
-    * Analysis: Used in a financial or billing context, `收费 (shōufèi)` means "to charge a fee." Here, `项目` clearly means "items." +
-  * **Example 10:** +
-    * **项目**进行得怎么样了？ +
-    * Pinyin: **Xiàngmù** jìnxíng de zěnmeyàng le? +
-    * English: How is the **project** progressing? +
-    * Analysis: A very practical and common question in any workplace. `进行 (jìnxíng)` means "to proceed" or "to carry on." +
-===== Nuances and Common Mistakes ===== +
-  * **`项目` vs. `工程` (gōngchéng):** This is a critical distinction. `工程 (gōngchéng)` specifically means an "engineering project" or "construction project" involving physical building. A software development plan is a `项目`, but the construction of a new office building is both a `项目` and, more specifically, a `工程`. All `工程` are `项目`, but not all `项目` are `工程`. +
-    * **Correct:** 这是一个软件**项目**。(This is a software project.) +
-    * **Incorrect:** 这是一个软件**工程**。(This sounds like you're building physical hardware or infrastructure for the software). +
-  * **`项目` vs. `任务` (rènwù):** A `项目` is the entire undertaking. A `任务 (rènwù)` is a specific "task" or "assignment" *within* the project. +
-    * **Example:** The **项目** is to launch the new website. My **任务** today is to design the homepage. +
-  * **"Item" is not "Thing":** When `项目` means "item," it's an abstract item on a list (service item, billable item, agenda item). It is NOT a physical object or "thing." For a physical thing, you must use words like `东西 (dōngxi)` or `物品 (wùpǐn)`. +
-    * **Correct:** 菜单上有很多**项目**。(There are many items on the menu.) +
-    * **Incorrect:** 桌子上有一个**项目**。 (This is wrong. It should be `桌子上有一个东西` - There is a thing on the table.) +
-===== Related Terms and Concepts ===== +
-  * `[[工程]]` (gōngchéng) - An engineering or construction project; a more specific type of `项目`. +
-  * `[[计划]]` (jìhuà) - A plan or program. A `计划` often outlines the steps for a `项目`. +
-  * `[[任务]]` (rènwù) - A task or assignment. A `项目` is usually broken down into many `任务`. +
-  * `[[方案]]` (fāng'àn) - A scheme, proposal, or detailed plan, often presented for approval before a `项目` begins. +
-  * `[[项目经理]]` (xiàngmù jīnglǐ) - Project Manager, the person who leads a `项目`. +
-  * `[[事情]]` (shìqing) - A general "matter," "affair," or "thing to do." Much less formal and structured than `项目`. +
-  * `[[活动]]` (huódòng) - An activity or event. `活动` implies participation and action, whereas `项目` implies planning and objectives. +
-  * `[[条目]]` (tiáomù) - An item, entry, or clause (e.g., in a dictionary or a contract). More specific and formal than `项目` when referring to a list item.+